STA 301 Important definition part-1

 INTRODUCTION TO THE STATISTICS

History of the statistics:

                        Statistics is a very old word. It is from the English language. The word Statistics comes from three different languages,

                                                Latin Word                 Status

                                                Italian Word                Statista

                                                German Word             Statistik

All these words mean “The political state”. In early ages the word statistics means “The information useful to the state”.

Observation:

                        In Statistics observations are the recordings of information in numerical form. For example height of students, height of plants, weight of students etc

Data:

                        Collection of facts and figures is called data.

Population or Statistical Population:

                        Population is defined as “ The collection of all individuals which posses some common characteristics. For example height of students, Number of children, Number of fans, etc. The size of population is denoted by “ N ”.

Sample:

                        Any part of the population is called sample. On the basis of sample study we draw conclusions about the population. The size of sample is denoted by “ n ”.

Parameter:

                        Any quantity computed from the population is called parameter. Parameters are constants and usually unknown. For example populations mean µ, population variance σ²

 are the parameters.

Statistic:

                        Any quantity computed from the sample is called statistic. Statistic is variable because it varies from sample to sample. For example sample mean , sample variance S².

Branches of Statistics:

                        Statistics may be divided into to two branches:

1.                  Descriptive Statistics

2.            Inferential Statistics 

STA 301 Important definition part-2

Descriptive Statistics:

                        It is the branch of statistics which deals with the methods and principles of data collection and their presentation in meaningful form.

Inferential Statistics:

It is the branch of statistics which deals with the methods and procedures of drawing conclusion about the population on the basis of information obtained from the sample.

Variable:

                        Any characteristic that varies from one individual or an object to another.

Or

                       Any quantity that can be changed is called variable. For example age, height of students, number of children. A variable is denoted by x, y or z etc.

Constant:

                       Any quantity that can not be changed is called constant. For example 5, 12, ℮, п, etc.

Quantitative Variable:

                        If a variable can assume a numerical value is called quantitative variable. For example height, weight, number of students, etc. Quantitative variable is also called attribute of categorical variable.

Qualitative Variable:

                        If a variable can not assume a numerical value is called qualitative variable. For example eye colour, body colour, sex, intelligence, honesty, etc.

Types of Quantitative variable:

                                      It has two main types:

1.                              Discrete Variable

2.                              Continuous Variable

Discrete Variable:

                        A variable is called discrete if it can take values in whole numbers. A discrete variable represents countable data. For example number of children in a family, number of fans, etc.

Continuous Variable:

                        A variable is called continuous if it can take all possible values within an interval. A continuous variable represents measurable data. For example height and weight of students, temperature, etc.

VU ENG 201 assignment 1 solution

Business and Technical English (Eng201)
Assignment No: 1
Student ID: bc19020108
Student Name: Nadir Rasool
Question No: 1
Dear David
Further to our conservation today, I am attaching the plan for the first stage of the project. Hope the one weak deadline is okay with you and your team.
Regards
Sally
Clarity
Courtesy
Coherent
Correctness
Traci
I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished last week. I gave it to Michelle to proofread, and she wanted to make sure you knew about the department meeting we're having this Friday. We'll be creating an outline for the new employee handbook.
Thanks
Michelle
Conciseness
Courtesy
Coherent
Clarity
Hi everyone
I just wanted to send you all a reminder about the meeting we're having tomorrow!
See you then
Chris
Coherent
Correctness
Courtesy
Completeness
Hi Suzanne
I think we need to talk about the CSR campaign, I mean the one which we need to do as a quarterly exercise. I think it is a great way of enhancing our brand image. Basically, it would just be a visit to an orphanage but we can sort of do other things too. For instance, we could take the kids out for a short trip to a nearby park or zoo. Let us sit and talk tomorrow.
Regards
Jennifer
Conciseness
Concreteness 
Completeness
Correctness

Dear James
I would like to talk to you about the new client’s project which the engineering team had discussed yesterday. I might need the help of John from your team.
Regards,
Kevin
Correctness
Concreteness 
Completeness
Clarity

Question No 2:

Main office: 17-F Model Town, Lahore, Pakistan
UAN: 111-722477, +924235948901-10

Thursday 21, 2019
Nadir Rasool
nadirrasool0300@gmail.com
Sales Manager in Sabroso
Dear Management representative:
I’m very happy to afford to information on behalf of the Sabroso that we have introduced two new products which are chicken donuts and Crispy poppers. And on the Launches of these product which are giving the offer for the First Five months “buy one get one free”.
Get in touch with us on sabroso.com.pk to purchase these astounding products. To delight you even more, the first 15 buyers to contact will be given an amazing 30% discount.

Hurry up!
Sincerely,
Sales Manager
Nadir Rasool

VU ENG 201 Assignement 1 Q # 1 Solution

VU ENG 201 Assignement 1 Q # 1 Solution

Q1: In a corporate world, communication needs to follow the 7Cs which are Clarity,

 Correctness, Completeness, Conciseness, Concreteness, Coherence, and Courtesy. Read

 each description carefully and identify the principle of communication that is lacking in it.

(5 x 2 = 10 Marks)

1.      Dear David,

Further to our conservation today, I am attaching the plan for the first stage of the project. 

Hope the one weak deadline is okay with you and your team.

Regards

Sally

a.       Clarity

b.      Courtesy

c.       Coherent

d.      Correctness

                                  Ans Coherent

2.      Traci,

I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished last week. I gave it to Michelle 

to proofread, and she wanted to make sure you knew about the department meeting we're having this Friday. We'll be creating an outline for the new employee handbook.

Thanks,

Michelle

a.       Conciseness

b.      Courtesy

c.       Coherent

d.      Clarity

                         Ans: conciseness

3.      Hi everyone,

I just wanted to send you all a reminder about the meeting we're having tomorrow!

See you then,

Chris

a.       Coherent

b.      Correctness

c.       Courtesy

d.      Completeness

                           Ans: Courtesy

4.      Hi Suzanne

I think we need to talk about the CSR campaign, I mean the one which we need to do as a quarterly

 exercise. I think it is a great way of enhancing our brand image. Basically, it would just be a visit to

 an orphanage but we can sort of do other things too. For instance, we could take the kids out for a

 short trip to a nearby park or zoo. Let us sit and talk tomorrow.

Regards

Jennifer

a.       Conciseness

b.      Concreteness 

c.       Completeness

d.      Correctness

                               Ans: Concreteness

5.      Dear James,

I would like to talk to you about the new client’s project which the engineering team had

 discussed yesterday. I might need the help of John from your team.

Regards,

Kevin

a.       Correctness

b.      Concreteness 

c.       Completeness

d.      Clarity

                                 Ans: Completeness